Forest Sequestration Controversy: Old-Growth vs. Young-Growth Forests as Viable Carbon Offsets
References
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About Mauna Loa Observatory. 11 2009. 10 2010 http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/obop/mlo/aboutus/aboutus.html.
About Us . 15 02 2010. 10 04 2010 http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/about_gccsi/about_us.html.
Albrecht, A.K, Kandji, S.T., 2003. Carbon sequestration in tropical agroforestry systems. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment. 99, 15-27.
Aldred, Jessica. Timeline: Al Gore. 17 02 2007. 10 04 2010 http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/oct/12/climatechange1.
Berman, D. (2007). Timber groups promote sequestration to buff image, revive industry. Maine Woods Coalition. Retrieved March 22, 2010. Website: http://www.mainewoodscoalition.org/news/072407_2.html
Bernstein, L., Pachauri, R. K., Reisinger, A. et al.(2008). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymakers. Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Betts, R. (2000). Offset of the potential carbon sink from boreal forestation by decreases in surface albedo. Letters to Nature. Vol.408 No. 6809 Pg 187-190.
Biochar.org (2010) Introduction. Retrieved April 19, 2010, Website: http://www.biochar.org/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=67&Itemid=7&limit=1&limitstart=4
Bumpus, A. G. (2008). Accumulation by Decarbonization and the Governance of Carbon Offsets. Economic Geography, Vol.84 No. 2 Pg 127–155.
Brown, S. (2002). Measuring Carbon in Forests: Current Status and Future Challenges. Environmental Pollution. Vol. 116 No. 3, Pg 363-372.
Canadian Forest Service. (2004). “Vancouver Island community benefits from fast-growing, carbon-storing plantation program”. Retrieved March 22, 2010, from http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/news/76
Carbon Capture and Storage: from Source to Sink. 31 03 2010. 10 04 2010 http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/sccs.
Carbon Offset Research & Education. (2009). Additionality. Retrieved March 22, 2010 from Stockholm Environment Institute., Website: http://www.co2offsetresearch.org/consumer/Additionality.html
Carbon offset providers – how they compare. (2007). Ethical Consumer Magazine. Retreived March 10, 2010, Website: http://www.ethiscore.org/pdfs/carbontable.pdf
Chapin III, F., McGuire, A., Randerson, J., Fielke Sr., R., Baldocchi, D., Hobbie, S., et al. (2000). Arctic and boreal ecosystems of western North America as components of the climate system. Global Change Biology. Vol. 6 No. 1, Pg 211-223.
Co2logic (2010). The Carbon Cycle. Retrieved April 19, 2010, Website: http://www.co2logic.com/home.aspx/en/our+climate/the+carbon+cycle
David Suzuki Foundation.(2009). What is a Carbon Offset? Retrieved March 9, 2010. Website: http://www.davidsuzuki.org/Climate_Change/What_You_Can_Do/carbon_offsets.asp
Desktop Scenes. Rocky Forest Path, Website: http://www.desktopscenes.com/Autumn%20Scenes%20from%20Southern%20Vermont%20(2003)/slides/Rocky%20Forest%20Path.html
Enhanced Oil Recovery/CO2 Injection. 08 02 2008. 10 04 2010 http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/oilgas/eor/index.html.
Fahey, T. J., Woodbury, P.B., Battles, J. J. et al. (2009). Forest Carbon Storage: Ecology, Management, and Policy. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment e-View. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University. Retrieved March 22, 2010.Website: http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/080169
Fang, J., Brown, S., Tang, Y., Nabuurs, G., & Shen, H. (2006). Overestimated Biomass Carbon Pools of the Northern mid- and High Latitude Forests. Climatic Change. Vol. 74 No. 3, Pg 355-368.
Forest Information Services (2010). Definitions of forest, deforestation, afforestation, and reforestation. Retreived April 3, 2010 from Website: http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
Frequent Questions. 25 03 2010. 10 04 2010 http://www.epa.gov/sequestration/faq.html.
Gaston, G., Brown, S., Lorenzini, M., & Singh (1998). State and change in carbon pools in the forests of tropical Africa. Global Change Biology. Vol. 4 No. 1, Pg 97-114.
Harmon, M.; Ferrell, W.; Franklin, J. (1990) “Effects on Carbon Storage of Conversion of Old-Growth Forests to Young Forests” Science, New Series, Vol. 247, No. 4943., pp. 699-702.
History of UNFCCC. 12 07 2008. 10 04 2010 http://www2.onep.go.th/CDM/en/unf_history.html.
Home. 12 02 2009. 10 04 2010 http://sequestration.mit.edu/index.html.
Ingerson, A. L. (2007). U.S. Forest Carbon and Climate Change. Washington, D.C.: The Wilderness Society.
Kyoto Protocol. 10.04.2010 http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php
Luyssaert, S.; Schulze, E.; Borner, A.; Knohl, A.; Hessenmo¨ller, D.; Law, B.; Ciais, P.; and John GraceJ.(2008) “Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks”. Sierra Forest Legacy Nature Letters, Vol 455, Pg. 213-215
Meng, Alan and Hui (2010). Cycle of Photosynethesis & Respiration. Retrieved March 15, 2010 from Website: http:www.vtaide.com/png/photosynthesis.htm
Mongabay (2007) Rich countries gain, poor countries lose forest cover. Retrieved April 20, 2010 from Website: http://news.mongabay.com/2007/0313-forests.html
Montagnini, F., Nair, P.K.R., 2004. Carbon Sequestration: An Underexploited Environmental benefit of agroforestry Systems. Agroforestry Systems. 61, 281-295.
National Geographic (2007). Global Warming 101. YouTube Video Retrieved April 5, 2010, website: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJAbATJCugs
NativeEnergy, Inc. (2008). Project Specific Additionality. Retrieved March 22, 2010. Website: http://www.nativeenergy.com/pages/additionality/38.php
Northern Institute of Applied Carbon Science (2009) The Carbon Cycle. Retrieved March 22, 2010 from USDA, Website: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/niacs/forests/carboncycle/
Oregonlive.com (2009). Federal forests could be tasked with fighting global warming. Retrieved April 10, 2010, Website: http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2009/12/federal_forests_could_be_ask_t.html
Origins of the EPA. 27 09 2007. 10 04 2010 http://www.epa.gov/history/publications/origins.htm.
Peichl, M., Arain. M.A., 2006. Above and belowground ecosystem biomass and carbon pools in an age-sequence of temperate pine plantation forests. Agric.and Forest Meterorology. 140, 51-63.
Paul, K.I., Polglase, P.J., Nyakuengama, J.G., Khanna, P.K., 2001. Change in soil carbon following Afforestation. Forest Ecology and Management. 168, 241-257.
Reforest the Tropics, Inc. (2009). “Fast Growth in the Superior Nut Carbon-Offset Forest No. 5”. Retrieved March 22, 2010, from http://reforestthetropics.org/forests/
Rotenberg, E., Yakir, D. (2010) Contribution of Semi-Arid Forests to the Climate System. Science. Vol. 327 No. 5964, Pg 451-454.
Science Daily (2010). Fossil Fuels. Retrieved April 19, 2010, Website: http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/f/fossil_fuel.htm
Sierra Business Council (2009). Climate change and the Timber Industry: Impacts and Solution. Retrieved April 17, 2010, Website: http://www.sbcouncil.org/forest-carbon/
Smith, D.M. Larson, B.C. Kelty, M.J., Ashton, P.M.S. (1996). The Practice of Silviculture: Appled Forest Ecology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Takimoto, A., Nair, P.K.R., Nair, V.D., 2007. Carbon Stock and sequestration potential of traditional and improved agroforestry systems in the West African Sahel. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment. 125, 159-166.
The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect. 12 2009. 10 04 2010 http://www.aip.org/history/climate/co2.htm.
The Climate Trust. (2010) Forest sequestration: Protecting nature’s air filters. Retrieved March 27, 2010, Website: http://www.climatetrust.org/sequestration.html
The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act. 29 08 2008. 10 04 2010 http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/peg/understand.html.
Timeline Library. 28 02 2003. 10 04 2010
http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=5322.
UNFCCC (2010). Kyoto Protocol. Retrieved April 18, 2010. Website: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php
United Nations (1997). Earth Summit. Retrieved April 13, 2010. Website: http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/envirp2.html
United Nations (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved March 22, 2010, Website: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf
USDA Forest Service (2009). Carbon Cycle. Retrieved March 24, 2010 from Website: http://www.nrs.fed.us/niacs/forests/carboncycle
WWF (2010) Forests and Climate Change. Retrieved April 21, 2010 from Website: http://www.worldwilflife.org/what/globalmarkets/forests.item3577.html
About Mauna Loa Observatory. 11 2009. 10 2010 http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/obop/mlo/aboutus/aboutus.html.
About Us . 15 02 2010. 10 04 2010 http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/about_gccsi/about_us.html.
Albrecht, A.K, Kandji, S.T., 2003. Carbon sequestration in tropical agroforestry systems. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment. 99, 15-27.
Aldred, Jessica. Timeline: Al Gore. 17 02 2007. 10 04 2010 http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/oct/12/climatechange1.
Berman, D. (2007). Timber groups promote sequestration to buff image, revive industry. Maine Woods Coalition. Retrieved March 22, 2010. Website: http://www.mainewoodscoalition.org/news/072407_2.html
Bernstein, L., Pachauri, R. K., Reisinger, A. et al.(2008). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymakers. Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Betts, R. (2000). Offset of the potential carbon sink from boreal forestation by decreases in surface albedo. Letters to Nature. Vol.408 No. 6809 Pg 187-190.
Biochar.org (2010) Introduction. Retrieved April 19, 2010, Website: http://www.biochar.org/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=67&Itemid=7&limit=1&limitstart=4
Bumpus, A. G. (2008). Accumulation by Decarbonization and the Governance of Carbon Offsets. Economic Geography, Vol.84 No. 2 Pg 127–155.
Brown, S. (2002). Measuring Carbon in Forests: Current Status and Future Challenges. Environmental Pollution. Vol. 116 No. 3, Pg 363-372.
Canadian Forest Service. (2004). “Vancouver Island community benefits from fast-growing, carbon-storing plantation program”. Retrieved March 22, 2010, from http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/news/76
Carbon Capture and Storage: from Source to Sink. 31 03 2010. 10 04 2010 http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/sccs.
Carbon Offset Research & Education. (2009). Additionality. Retrieved March 22, 2010 from Stockholm Environment Institute., Website: http://www.co2offsetresearch.org/consumer/Additionality.html
Carbon offset providers – how they compare. (2007). Ethical Consumer Magazine. Retreived March 10, 2010, Website: http://www.ethiscore.org/pdfs/carbontable.pdf
Chapin III, F., McGuire, A., Randerson, J., Fielke Sr., R., Baldocchi, D., Hobbie, S., et al. (2000). Arctic and boreal ecosystems of western North America as components of the climate system. Global Change Biology. Vol. 6 No. 1, Pg 211-223.
Co2logic (2010). The Carbon Cycle. Retrieved April 19, 2010, Website: http://www.co2logic.com/home.aspx/en/our+climate/the+carbon+cycle
David Suzuki Foundation.(2009). What is a Carbon Offset? Retrieved March 9, 2010. Website: http://www.davidsuzuki.org/Climate_Change/What_You_Can_Do/carbon_offsets.asp
Desktop Scenes. Rocky Forest Path, Website: http://www.desktopscenes.com/Autumn%20Scenes%20from%20Southern%20Vermont%20(2003)/slides/Rocky%20Forest%20Path.html
Enhanced Oil Recovery/CO2 Injection. 08 02 2008. 10 04 2010 http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/oilgas/eor/index.html.
Fahey, T. J., Woodbury, P.B., Battles, J. J. et al. (2009). Forest Carbon Storage: Ecology, Management, and Policy. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment e-View. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University. Retrieved March 22, 2010.Website: http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/080169
Fang, J., Brown, S., Tang, Y., Nabuurs, G., & Shen, H. (2006). Overestimated Biomass Carbon Pools of the Northern mid- and High Latitude Forests. Climatic Change. Vol. 74 No. 3, Pg 355-368.
Forest Information Services (2010). Definitions of forest, deforestation, afforestation, and reforestation. Retreived April 3, 2010 from Website: http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
Frequent Questions. 25 03 2010. 10 04 2010 http://www.epa.gov/sequestration/faq.html.
Gaston, G., Brown, S., Lorenzini, M., & Singh (1998). State and change in carbon pools in the forests of tropical Africa. Global Change Biology. Vol. 4 No. 1, Pg 97-114.
Harmon, M.; Ferrell, W.; Franklin, J. (1990) “Effects on Carbon Storage of Conversion of Old-Growth Forests to Young Forests” Science, New Series, Vol. 247, No. 4943., pp. 699-702.
History of UNFCCC. 12 07 2008. 10 04 2010 http://www2.onep.go.th/CDM/en/unf_history.html.
Home. 12 02 2009. 10 04 2010 http://sequestration.mit.edu/index.html.
Ingerson, A. L. (2007). U.S. Forest Carbon and Climate Change. Washington, D.C.: The Wilderness Society.
Kyoto Protocol. 10.04.2010 http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php
Luyssaert, S.; Schulze, E.; Borner, A.; Knohl, A.; Hessenmo¨ller, D.; Law, B.; Ciais, P.; and John GraceJ.(2008) “Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks”. Sierra Forest Legacy Nature Letters, Vol 455, Pg. 213-215
Meng, Alan and Hui (2010). Cycle of Photosynethesis & Respiration. Retrieved March 15, 2010 from Website: http:www.vtaide.com/png/photosynthesis.htm
Mongabay (2007) Rich countries gain, poor countries lose forest cover. Retrieved April 20, 2010 from Website: http://news.mongabay.com/2007/0313-forests.html
Montagnini, F., Nair, P.K.R., 2004. Carbon Sequestration: An Underexploited Environmental benefit of agroforestry Systems. Agroforestry Systems. 61, 281-295.
National Geographic (2007). Global Warming 101. YouTube Video Retrieved April 5, 2010, website: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJAbATJCugs
NativeEnergy, Inc. (2008). Project Specific Additionality. Retrieved March 22, 2010. Website: http://www.nativeenergy.com/pages/additionality/38.php
Northern Institute of Applied Carbon Science (2009) The Carbon Cycle. Retrieved March 22, 2010 from USDA, Website: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/niacs/forests/carboncycle/
Oregonlive.com (2009). Federal forests could be tasked with fighting global warming. Retrieved April 10, 2010, Website: http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2009/12/federal_forests_could_be_ask_t.html
Origins of the EPA. 27 09 2007. 10 04 2010 http://www.epa.gov/history/publications/origins.htm.
Peichl, M., Arain. M.A., 2006. Above and belowground ecosystem biomass and carbon pools in an age-sequence of temperate pine plantation forests. Agric.and Forest Meterorology. 140, 51-63.
Paul, K.I., Polglase, P.J., Nyakuengama, J.G., Khanna, P.K., 2001. Change in soil carbon following Afforestation. Forest Ecology and Management. 168, 241-257.
Reforest the Tropics, Inc. (2009). “Fast Growth in the Superior Nut Carbon-Offset Forest No. 5”. Retrieved March 22, 2010, from http://reforestthetropics.org/forests/
Rotenberg, E., Yakir, D. (2010) Contribution of Semi-Arid Forests to the Climate System. Science. Vol. 327 No. 5964, Pg 451-454.
Science Daily (2010). Fossil Fuels. Retrieved April 19, 2010, Website: http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/f/fossil_fuel.htm
Sierra Business Council (2009). Climate change and the Timber Industry: Impacts and Solution. Retrieved April 17, 2010, Website: http://www.sbcouncil.org/forest-carbon/
Smith, D.M. Larson, B.C. Kelty, M.J., Ashton, P.M.S. (1996). The Practice of Silviculture: Appled Forest Ecology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Takimoto, A., Nair, P.K.R., Nair, V.D., 2007. Carbon Stock and sequestration potential of traditional and improved agroforestry systems in the West African Sahel. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment. 125, 159-166.
The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect. 12 2009. 10 04 2010 http://www.aip.org/history/climate/co2.htm.
The Climate Trust. (2010) Forest sequestration: Protecting nature’s air filters. Retrieved March 27, 2010, Website: http://www.climatetrust.org/sequestration.html
The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act. 29 08 2008. 10 04 2010 http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/peg/understand.html.
Timeline Library. 28 02 2003. 10 04 2010
http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=5322.
UNFCCC (2010). Kyoto Protocol. Retrieved April 18, 2010. Website: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php
United Nations (1997). Earth Summit. Retrieved April 13, 2010. Website: http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/envirp2.html
United Nations (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved March 22, 2010, Website: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf
USDA Forest Service (2009). Carbon Cycle. Retrieved March 24, 2010 from Website: http://www.nrs.fed.us/niacs/forests/carboncycle
WWF (2010) Forests and Climate Change. Retrieved April 21, 2010 from Website: http://www.worldwilflife.org/what/globalmarkets/forests.item3577.html
